1. before touching a patient, sick family member2. before using clean, aseptic procedures
3. after exposure to body fluids such as blood, urine, diarrhoea
4. after touching a patient, sick family member
5. after touching the surroundings of a patient such as bed, bedside table
If you clean your hands after touching one patient and you touch another one immediately afterwards without touching anything else, you just need one hand hygiene action between the two patients.
source: WHO